Rules, risk and compliance
European Digital Sovereignty is Europe's ability to act independently in the digital world.
It covers control over critical technology infrastructure, such as cloud and networks, the protection of the data of citizens and companies, the ability to set technology standards, and a strong, competitive European digital ecosystem that reduces dependence on non-European powers. The subject became central after 2020 for three reasons. The first is legal: in July 2020 the Court of Justice of the European Union, in the case brought by the Austrian activist Max Schrems (known as Schrems II), struck down the agreement governing transfers of personal data to the United States, showing that European data held elsewhere are not protected in the same way. The second is industrial: that same year France and Germany launched Gaia-X, the project for a European data and cloud infrastructure, and in 2023 the Chips Act (Reg. (EU) 2023/1781) aimed to bring semiconductor production back to Europe. The third is regulatory: through the GDPR, the Digital Markets Act, the Digital Services Act and the AI Act, Europe chose to exercise sovereignty above all by writing the rules that anyone operating in its market must follow.
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