Rules, risk and compliance
Digital identity has two meanings. In the social sense it is how a person exists and tells their story in digital spaces: profiles, shared content, opinions, traces left online, which become part of their overall identity and shape how they are perceived; the American sociologist Sherry Turkle studied its effects as early as Life on the Screen (1995).
In the legal sense it is the set of credentials a citizen uses to prove who they are when accessing online services. Here Europe has led the way: Estonia has had an electronic identity card since 2002, Italy has had SPID since 2016, and the European eIDAS regulation (Reg. (EU) 910/2014, updated by Reg. (EU) 2024/1183) provides for a digital identity wallet valid across the Union. It is one of the pillars of the European Digital Identity.
An example
A person's professional profile on LinkedIn is digital identity in the first sense; the SPID login they use to download a certificate is digital identity in the second.
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